Emergence Of The Digital Firm

Emergence Of The Digital Firm Introduction: The first rule of any technology used in a business is that automation applied to an efficient operation will magnify the efficiency. The second is that automation applied to an inefficient operation will magnify the inefficiency. -Bill Gates (http://www.saidwhat.co.uk/topicquote/technology) Over the past two decades Technology has come to become an inseparable part of business activities. The modern era of dynamic and discontinuous change requires continual reassessment of organizational routines to ensure that decision-making processes, keep pace with the dynamically changing business environment. The adoption of advanced technology, to maintain a digitally enhanced firm, is necessary, especially for small and medium sized companies, to ensure their viability in the future. With the onset of globalization, the wide presence of digitally equipped firms has intensified international competition, and digital capabilities also provide small and medium sized enterprises with new potential for participation in the international market. Inevitably, a structural change is brought about by all the technological equipment in the companies as the need for new skills are created, which are accompanied by the constant need for training and information sharing, and assessment of tec hnological issues by the management. Emergence of the Digital Firm: The first use of information systems in enterprises was in the form of card processing machines which were used in the accounting departments and focused on historical information reporting. The early 1960s, marked the onset of mainframe computers, which when compared to todays desk top computers and PDAs, were miniscule, in processing power. In the coming decades, the advancements in technology gained speed with management reporting, transaction processing, decision support and forecasting enabled by information technology. The presence of Information technology is now widely significant in every business activity of the modern enterprise. Most recently, information systems transcended departmental, divisional and organizational boundaries in order to link the firm electronically, often instantaneously, to its customers, suppliers, and distribution partners .(Ives, 2002) With the development of technology and internet, modern enterprises have embraced Information and communication technology (ICT) and several e-business applications that have provided many benefits across many intra- and inter-firm business processes and transactions. With the use of ICT applications, information and knowledge management inside the firm has considerably improved reducing transaction costs and increasing the speed and reliability of transactions for both B2B (business-to-business) and B2C (business-to-consumer) transactions. They have also proved to be effective tools for improving external communications and quality of services for established and new customers. (http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/6/9/31919255.pdf)Most small and medium sized enterprises use information and communication technologies. Research has shown that the use mainly of computers serves administrative and functional uses, such as the rendering of accounts, payroll, the drawing up of a budget, inventor y, and other similar functions (Bridge and Peel 1999). The basic condition that arises for the use of computers, but also for all technologies, old or new, electronic or not, is not only their acquisition by the SMEs, but also their correct and functional use (El Louadi, 1998). There are a large number of different ICTs, which makes identifying them and their functions difficult. Below is a classification of Information and communication technologies which includes the ICTs used by enterprises and comprises of five main categories, within which the technologies-systems comprising the category are distributed individually. Classification of ICTS: (Source: Papastathopoulos, Beneki (2009)) Intranet: Intranets are inexpensive, scalable to expand or contract as needs change, and accessible from most computing platforms. Whereas most large companies must support a number of computer platforms that cannot communicate with each other, intranets help to provide instant connectivity, uniting all computers into a single, seamless, network system. Electronic Commerce: Although most commercial transactions still takes place through conventional channels, rising number of consumers and businesses are using the Internet for electronic commerce Buyer Retailer Information Orders Service and support Manufacturers, Suppliers and Distributors Purchases Bids Banks -Credit checks -Payment authorization -Electronic payment transfer Illustration: Electronic Commerce Information Flows Business environment: The modern business environment is characterized by a dynamic continuous change. For the firms to thrive and benefit from ICTs, a healthy business environment is necessary. This includes a transparent, open and competitive business framework, clear independent rule of law for all firms, easy set up and dissolution of businesses, transparent, simple and accessible corporate regulation, and equal and stable legal treatment for national and cross-border transactions. (http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/6/9/31919255.pdf) Organizational Forms: The concept of organizational forms was quickly accepted and vouched for by management scholars who have already accepted concepts such as the `knowledge economy or the new information economy ( Halal 1998) and who had believed that the emergence of the Internet would change the way business transactions business functions are performed (Tapscott , 1999). shift to new forms: According to Drucker (1997), businesses of the new age have not only led to advancements in technology and provided an atmosphere of stiff competition, but have also contributed to the promotion of change in the organizational forms. This is why, New Organizational Forms that respond to the need to align strategy-structure- direction processes are influenced by the dynamic changes in the environment. New transaction management modes from new organizational forms. The following illustration gives a clear picture of the increase in the use of new organizational forms, where internet and e-commerce plays a significant role. (Illustration sourced from: http://www.labs-associados.org/docs/OCDE_TIC.PDF) Increase in the use of new organizational forms: With every passing year, more and more firms are adopting new organizational forms in an attempt to stay competitive in the market. The benefits of incorporating ICTs and other e-business activities are now widely recognized. In the research conducted by Christina Beneki on Organizational forms based on information and communication technology adoption (http://www.aabri.com/manuscripts/09362.pdf), an empirical study was carried out among 54 Greek SMEs to identify the emerging forms of organizations based on ICTs. Personal interviews were conducted with people recognized as being the most knowledgeable about the developments of ICTs within the firm. Hence, the interviewees ranged from director or owner-manager and IT personnel to general managers. The results of this study reveal that the SMEs journey towards ICT adoption-use can be classified into three levels: Level 1: Basic Use of ICT or ICT-beginners SMEs. On this level the ICTs used by SMEs support the monitoring of basic-elementary activities, transactions and communications of the enterprise Level 2: Advanced Use of ICT or ICT-based SMEs. On the second level the ICTs used by the SMEs serve specialized activities of the modern enterprise, such as programming operations, transaction monitoring, and decision making and auditing. Furthermore, they combine data and advanced analytical models or data analysis tools so as to support the making of semi structured decisions or unstructured decisions. Finally, they allow business and commercial digital transactions as well as the transmission of information with electronic means even to geographically remote places. Level 3: Superior use of ICT or ICT-Driven SMEs. The ICTs used by the SMEs on the third level contribute to the integration of the informational and business processes of the enterprise, and they support the long-term planning activities as well as the digital exchange of information, the carrying out of commercial transactions and collaborations with the external environment of the enterprise Figure: The Three Levels of ICT-Adoption Process The figure shows that a very small percentage of SMEs use basic ICTs (7%), about 22% percentage use ICTs serving specialized business activities, while for most of the SMEs (70%), technology does not constitute the basis but rather as a guide to their business activities. This clearly demonstrates the steep rise in the use of Internet communication technologies. Opportunities for the management in a digitally enabled firm: New organizational forms comprising of Information and communication technology (ICT) and e-business applications provide many benefits across a wide range of business processes and transactions. (http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/6/9/31919255.pdf) With the use of computer terminals, e-mail, internet and its applications, several types of businesses can improve information and knowledge management within the firm, leading to more efficient business processes and better firm performance. Transfer of information through shared electronic files and networked computers significantly improves the efficiency of business process like documentation, data processing and other functions like organizing incoming orders and preparing invoices. Business-to-Business and Business-to-Consumer transactions are now conducted with increased speed and reliability, using ICT applications. Sophisticated ICT applications like Decision Support System (DSS) helps firms to analyse large amounts of data in quick time, enabling swift decision making. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) helps to integrate various departments of a firm effectively. Internet and e-commerce have drastically reduced the cost of business transactions. Internet-based B2B interaction and real-time communication help to reduce information asymmetries between buyers and suppliers and build close relationships among trading partners. (Moodley, 2002) ICT applications also increase labour productivity and have a positive impact on firm performance. The following illustration helps to identify the positive effect of ICT applications in Canada. Sourced from : (http://www.labs-associados.org/docs/OCDE_TIC.PDF) Challenges faced by the management and organization in a digital firm: Requirement of internal ICT and managerial knowledge: Since SMEs focus on day to day operations, they are less aware of the benefits of new technologies and would tend to lack the human technological resources needed for a digital firm, when they decide to investment in advanced technologies. Even when they are aware of the potential benefits of adopting e-commerce, they would need qualified personnel to carry out the operations. The firms that adopt Internet and e-commerce are likely to have personnel within the firm who have a reasonable knowledge of the incorporated technology. A study of small ICT companies with 3-80 employees suggests that the Internet was adopted by firms with personnel who understand the technology used (Mehrtens, 2001). The study found that these were not necessarily ICT professionals, but simply people interested in technology. If firms have the resources to access or outsource skills, then scarcity of technologically skilled personnel would not be a hindrance. However, presence of internal technological capabi lities is still vital because adoption of internet communication technologies cannot succeed without an understanding of the e-business model. Without internal technological capabilities, dependence on outside support services for system maintenance can be dangerous because firms that conduct e-business activities have to bear the risk of occasional system failures and computer viruses. If ICT support services, especially in an emergency, are needed to minimise the loss from a system malfunction, the e-business system of the firm may be vulnerable if they are not immediately available. The existence of local ICT services is thus an important consideration for the management, especially for small offices in remote areas or emerging economies, where ICT services are scarce and expensive. Skills and understanding of e-business models is also vital for the managers. Successful integration of e-business requires many firms to restructure their business processes, to change organisational structures and to redefine their core competence and positions in the value chains. So, e-business tools cannot be successfully introduced and implemented without the visionary power and strategic decisions about how to apply ICT technologies for business processes. (http://www.aabri.com/manuscripts/09362.pdf) Cost of developing and maintaining e-business systems : For small and medium sized firms, sometimes, the cost of adopting e-business systems and their maintenance outweighs the benefits received from them. Budget constraints and uncertainty of return on investment may sway the managements decision to adopt e-business systems. Thus, gathering the capital for investing in sophisticated and expensive internet communication technologies is an issue that the management needs to counter. The management needs to decide, depending upon its size and capacity to bear the cost, how far they can extend their arms over the latest technologically advanced business systems. Some small businesses, especially micro-enterprises with 1-9 employees or the self-employed, may adopt a simple Web site without any e-commerce function if the cost of basic Internet use is well within their marketing budget. (http://www.aabri.com/manuscripts/09362.pdf) Viability of Business Models: The advancements in internet have changed the business models in a number of key industries including media, financial services, travel and automobile retailing. But although internet technology provides great prospects, not all Internet business models have been successful. Conducting business over the internet is not always cost effective and efficient. For some companies, resorting to traditional methods is more viable. Of course, retailers on the internet may not need to pay for attractive outlets and employees, but they would need to use a large proportion of their budget for web site maintenance, customer service call centres, supply chain management and customer acquisition. There are also challenges to be faced for firms that try to use the web for supplementing or enhancing traditional business models. Businesses that are unclear about their e-business strategy may end up wasting a lot of money in building and maintaining websites that fail to deliver results. Successful web sites may also incur high costs. For instance, Equipment Inc., popular seller of indoor gear, has large payroll expenditures to pay for skilled technical staff supporting the website and additional shipping expenses to ensure web orders are delivered on time. Thus, the management needs to consider the viability of e-business models for its firm before deciding to invest. Business Process Change Requirements: Even if a firm does have a viable business model, it can still fail due to bad management or poor execution of the business model. Many dot-com firms like Garden.com, Productopia.com, Pets.com, Chinese Books Cyberstore etc. have closed down. The implementation and working of an electronic business model requires successful management of a firms divisions, production sites, sales offices and also maintaining close relationships with customers, suppliers and business partners. All important business processes need to be restructured and closely integrated. Firms will need to have well designed policies and procedures for sharing data. There are also traditional boundaries existing between a firms divisions and departments, customers and suppliers which can be barriers to collaboration and relationship building. Thus, the management needs to ensure a complete transformation of the firm and the ways in which it conducts business. Channel Conflicts: A channel conflict is a competition between two or more different distribution chains used to sell products or services of the same company. ( Laudon Laudon, 2006)When a company uses the web for selling its products, it creates a channel conflict with the firms traditional methods of selling. This is especially true for products that are less information sensitive and require a physical intermediary. In such a case, a companys revenues may drop as customer make purchases directly from the web. Channel conflict is a major issue for business-to-business business models, where the consumer purchases directly from the manufacturer through the Web. Milacron Inc., a machine tools company with extensive websites, minimizes the negative impact of channel conflict by paying full commissions to reps making online sales in their territories, even if they do not work on the sale or meet the buyer. Other companies have devised solutions, such as offering only a portion of thei r product line on the web. Legal Uncertainities: Conflicting regulatory environments and legal uncertainties for cross-border transactions, especially B2C, may affect small and medium scale firms. There is no harmonised legal framework with rules pertaining to the determination of jurisdiction and applicable law nor are there mechanisms that ensure the cross-border enforcement of legal rulings. The internet is global and is used by numerous organizations in different countries. Suppose a product were offered on sale in China, but the purchaser lived in the United States, whose law would apply? (Laudon Laudon, 2006)Small businesses can risk being due to inconsistent laws. Trust, Security and Privacy: For e-commerce to flourish there needs to be an atmosphere of trust among buyers, sellers and other partners involved in the transactions. Consumers will be wary of the security and confidentiality of credit card details and other personal information supplied over the internet. Internet based systems are at a risk of being penetrated by outsiders, as the internet is open to everyone. Any information, including e-mail passes through many different systems before it reaches its destination. It can be monitored and hacked into at any of these points resulting in loss of confidential data. Valuable data such as sales contracts, marketing plans, product development and pricing strategies, etc. can be intercepted causing significant risk to the company. Thus, the management needs to be extremely cautious and maintain stringent security systems to safeguard their business models. (Laudon Laudon) Opportunities and Challenges for Employees in a digital firm The rapid shift in trends in the market is seeing more and more companies undertaking a full scale adoption of technology that has in turn created an array of opportunities for the employees. Some of them are: Better job prospects. The emergence of digital firms has opened up attractive avenues for IT employees all over the world. With advancements in every area springing up, those equipped with specific technological expertise are also gaining demand with attractive bonuses rewarded. According to the research methodology used by Ricardo Parez Garrido on New Organizational Forms for knowledge transfer (http://latienda.ie.edu/working_papers_economia/WP05-03.pdf), the company Alpha was founded with the idea of uniting the best programmers in Spain interested in the internet and e-business and create for them an environment where they could work freely. Alpha experienced a tremendous growth of 400% from 1998-1999. But the success had attracted another telecommunication giant in the country which offered better incentives for employees. As a result a majority of the Alpha taskforce moved to the competing firm. Employees empowered in decision- making. With the onset of the digital era, many firms are now approaching a change in work attitudes. The system of bureaucratic is now being replaced by independence for different roles in an organization. With more space for employees to work, an atmosphere of ownership of the company results, providing better results and incentive for staff to work. The case study on the Royal Bank of Scotland (Currie Willcocks, 1996) provides an insight into the new philosophies of work practice being adopted by the bank. Senior managers were aware that customers were intimidated by the bureaucratic image of the bank and felt a change was necessary. The traditional emphasis on geographical splits was done away with and a different structure was established with three inter-related businesses- Retail, Commercial and Corporate. This way, individual departments are given complete responsibility and independence to run their functions. Employees play a greater part in the company The information systems sector is now recognized as a chief part of any firm. The days of technological expertise playing an underdog are over. It is now realized that those equipped with the technology side of the firm are better positioned to understand their part and hence are now increasingly given more ownership and responsibilities. Despite the fact that modern advancements in e-business have created opportunities for employees, they have also had a negative impact on them. Some of the drawbacks are: Outsourcing of technological expertise. With the wide availability of IT skills and restructuring of organizations, most companies now prefer to outsource technical expertise which may be better suited in terms of cost and quality of technical skills. As a result the existing employees are difficult to accommodate because of the drastic changes brought about by adoption of advanced technology that renders their skills incompetent. This is especially true for companies do not primarily rely on technology for their core business functions. The case study of the Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS) and their Business Process Re-engineering project (Currie Willcocks, 1996) shows how a complete restructuring of the banks activities resulted in many job losses. Also the technology unit was perceived by the business units as a support function, not therefore core to the business. Some senior managers were keen to outsource a major portion of the technical sector altogether. This also reflects a growing trend among organization seeking IT outsourcing as an alternative to in-house operating. Obsolescence of work. Because most companies are undergoing changes in their functioning process by incorporating advanced information systems that help to better integrate various departments within the organization, traditional forms of work are now losing a place. More and more employees are now faced with job losses because their work has been rendered useless with current business systems. The case study documenting the Columbus project undertaken by RBS (Currie Willcocks, 1996) gives evidence that due to the complete restructuring of the banks activities and how banking services were offered to customers, many manager were worried about a large staff redundancy. Communication problems Inevitably, communication problems between business units and technological units will tend to occur. Since technology department supplies the applications for various business functions, sometimes friction might arise over what is supplied and what is actually needed. Due to the complexities involved in business functions, the tactics and strategies used might change from time to time, causing the technological department to swiftly adapt to the changing conditions, which is not always simple. The case study documenting restructuring of RBS (Currie Willcocks, 1996) indicates the prevalence of communication problems. Business units complain that computers have been imposed on them with little relevance to the business context. However, the technology unit argued that business users change their mind regularly as to what is required from them. This miscommunication may lead to high costs, failure to meet delivery dates, loss of management control, low morale, etc. Conclusion: The emergence of new organizational forms according to the level of use of information communication technologies gives rise to new research opportunities in the sensitive sector of SMEs. In addition, the need for the emergence of new organizational forms stems also from the fact that technology no longer constitutes a mere link in the chain of businesses processes but rather the driving force behind this chain both in the internal and in the external business environment.

security terminology :: essays research papers

Security   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Terminology Define the following terms: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Authentication – ability to identify who it is a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ACL – (access control list) is associated w/ a given resource. Describes groups, users, machines and their permissions associated with that particular resource. i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Token- one time only password key b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  CA- certificate of authority- creates certificates -system or entity trusted to generate and distribute digital certificates. Can be privately used or from a 3rd party e-commerce site. Verifies identity of user. Authentication method. c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  RA- Registration Authority-issues certificates-RA verifies credentials supplied by an agent and then sends the CA an okay to issue a certificate. d.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  PKI- Public Key Infrastructure- Policies and behaviors that surround the deployment and management of key pairs. How you issue two keys at one time. e.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Kerberos- Authentication method used by Microsoft. Uses 3 different protocols, listed below   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  TGT- Ticket granting ticket. Allows you to request resources on the network from servers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  TGS- Ticket granting server. Accesses a particular network server for tickets.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  iii. AS- Authentication Server. Equivalent to a morning check-in at security desk of a hotel. Checks the identity of a server. f.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  CHAP- Challenge handshake authentication protocol. Was designed to replace the PAP. Communication between server and client proving identity. i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  MS-CHAP- Microsoft CHAP g.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  PAP- Password authentication protocol h.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  X.509- digital certificate that uniquely identifies a party. Standard structure of a certificate. i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  KDC- Key distribution center j.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Biometrics- Authentications based on human anatomy. k.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Multifactor- Authentication based on 2 valid authentication methods. l.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mutual Authentication- Client establishes identity to server. Server provides authentication information to client to ensure that illicit servers cannot masquerade as genuine servers. Both parties have to authenticate. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Encryption- hiding data using algorithms. protection, method of code, algorithms, formulas a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Asymmetric keys- pair of key values one public and one private. b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Symmetric keys- single encryption key generated. c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  DES- Data Encryption standard developed by government. d.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Diffie-hellman- encryption algorithm named after its two creators. e.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  IPSec- used for encryption of TCP/IP traffic. Method of encrypting any IP transmissions. f.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  PGP- Pretty good privacy- mainly used in email less secure than the PKI. g.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  RSA- Rivest-Shamir-Adleman- encryption algorithm named after its 3 creators. Using two pair keys. h.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  SSL- Secure Socket Loader- used mainly on web servers to transmit securely via HTTPS:// 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Network protocols and organization a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  DMZ- Demilitarized zone- Zone used for public access. Used with FTP, web servers and DNS servers. b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  IDS- Intrusion Detection System- 2 types: Active and Passive c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  NAT- Network Address Translation- Appends to your logical port. Protects internal hosts. Used with proxy servers. Translates internal IP to Real IP. Uses unique port table. There is 65,000 ports d.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tunneling- ability to go to 1 point to another as though you are a single proprietary line.

Structure and Funding for the Educational Systems of Greece and Italy :: Education Educational Essays

Structure and Funding for the Educational Systems of Greece and Italy Greece In Greece students start their educational experience at age four.? When they are four they are entered into Nursery School.? They attend Nursery School for two years to develop better social, emotional, intellectual, and moral skills at both personal and group levels.? Another goal of the Nursery school is to prepare students for the next level of education: Elementary school.? Students enroll in Elementary school at age six.? Elementary school students are passed to the next class by teacher approval and meeting attendance requirements.? The goal is to continue to develop the same skills as in Nursery school while fostering the link between creative activity and the study of specific subjects, situations, and phenomenon all to promote the acquisition of knowledge.? After a student completes Elementary school they begin their secondary education.? ?The secondary school system has two parts, the Compulsory [mandatory] Secondary Education and Post-compulsory Secondary education.? Both institutions have public and private sectors.? Compulsory Secondary Education is provided by Gymnasium.? The Gymnasium cycle is completed in three years for pupils? aged 12 to 15.? Gymnasium schools exist to: Help pupils to widen the scope of their values, to supplement and combine the acquisition of knowledge with the corresponding social problems, to cultivate their powers of verbal expression, to achieve normal physical development, to familiarize themselves with the various forms of art, to develop aesthetic judgment, and to become aware of their abilities and skills, inclinations and interests (Eken, Secondary education). ?Student?s skill levels are assessed by participation, oral and written examinations, and a final exam at the end of the year.? Upon completion of the three levels within the system students are not longer required to attend school.? Unified Lyceum and Technical Vocational Schools provide the second phase of the Secondary educational system; both of which are voluntary.? Students who complete the three year Unified Lyceum program are equipped to find jobs in the market, apply for admission to the Universities, Technological Educational Institutions, or Vocational Training Institutes.? Students opt to attend the Technical Vocational Schools are equipped to be a licensed professional, enroll in a post-secondary Vocational Training Institute, or apply for admission to a Technological Educational Institute.? The third and final form of education that can be obtained through the Greek educational system is known as Tertiary Education. Structure and Funding for the Educational Systems of Greece and Italy :: Education Educational Essays Structure and Funding for the Educational Systems of Greece and Italy Greece In Greece students start their educational experience at age four.? When they are four they are entered into Nursery School.? They attend Nursery School for two years to develop better social, emotional, intellectual, and moral skills at both personal and group levels.? Another goal of the Nursery school is to prepare students for the next level of education: Elementary school.? Students enroll in Elementary school at age six.? Elementary school students are passed to the next class by teacher approval and meeting attendance requirements.? The goal is to continue to develop the same skills as in Nursery school while fostering the link between creative activity and the study of specific subjects, situations, and phenomenon all to promote the acquisition of knowledge.? After a student completes Elementary school they begin their secondary education.? ?The secondary school system has two parts, the Compulsory [mandatory] Secondary Education and Post-compulsory Secondary education.? Both institutions have public and private sectors.? Compulsory Secondary Education is provided by Gymnasium.? The Gymnasium cycle is completed in three years for pupils? aged 12 to 15.? Gymnasium schools exist to: Help pupils to widen the scope of their values, to supplement and combine the acquisition of knowledge with the corresponding social problems, to cultivate their powers of verbal expression, to achieve normal physical development, to familiarize themselves with the various forms of art, to develop aesthetic judgment, and to become aware of their abilities and skills, inclinations and interests (Eken, Secondary education). ?Student?s skill levels are assessed by participation, oral and written examinations, and a final exam at the end of the year.? Upon completion of the three levels within the system students are not longer required to attend school.? Unified Lyceum and Technical Vocational Schools provide the second phase of the Secondary educational system; both of which are voluntary.? Students who complete the three year Unified Lyceum program are equipped to find jobs in the market, apply for admission to the Universities, Technological Educational Institutions, or Vocational Training Institutes.? Students opt to attend the Technical Vocational Schools are equipped to be a licensed professional, enroll in a post-secondary Vocational Training Institute, or apply for admission to a Technological Educational Institute.? The third and final form of education that can be obtained through the Greek educational system is known as Tertiary Education.

Rome :: Roman Culture Rome Military History Essays

Rome The Greeks, after their country had been reduced into a province, imputed the triumphs of Rome, not to the merit, but to the FORTUNE, of the republic. The inconstant goddess, who so blindly distributes and resumes her favours, had now consented (such was the language of envious flattery) to resign her wings, to descend from her globe, and to fix her firm and immutable throne on the banks of the Tiber.[1] A wiser Greek, who has composed, with a philosophic spirit, the memorable history of his own times, deprived his countrymen of this vain and delusive comfort by opening to their view the deep foundations of the greatness of Rome.[2] The fidelity of the citizens to each other, and to the state, was confirmed by the habits of education and the prejudices of religion. Honour, as well as virtue, was the principle of the republic; the ambitious citizens laboured to deserve the solemn glories of a triumph; and the ardour of the Roman youth was kindled into active emulation, as often as the y beheld the domestic images of their ancestors.[3] The temperate struggles of the patricians and plebeians had finally established the firm and equal balance of the constitution; which united the freedom of popular assemblies with the authority and wisdom of a senate-and the executive powers of a regal magistrate. When the consul displayed the standard of the republic, each citizen bound himself, by the obligation of an oath, to draw his sword in the cause of his country, till he had discharged the sacred duty by a military service of ten years. This wise institution continually poured into the field the rising generations of freemen and soldiers; and their numbers were reinforced by the warlike and populous states of Italy, who, after a brave resistance, had yielded to the valour, and embraced the alliance, of the Romans. The sage historian, who excited the virtue of the younger Scipio and beheld the ruin of Carthage,[4] has accurately described their military system; their levies , arms, exercises, subordination, marches, encampments; and the invincible legion, superior in active strength to the Macedonian phalanx of Philip and Alexander. From these institutions of peace and war, Polybius has deduced the spirit and success of a people incapable of fear and impatient of repose. The ambitious design of conquest, which might have been defeated by the seasonable conspiracy of mankind, was attempted and achieved; and the perpetual violation of justice was maintained by the political virtues of prudence and courage.

Online Banking System

1. Introduction Online banking is an internet based account management service that allows to view our account balances and transaction transfer funds between authorized accounts, initiate loan payments, request stop payments on checks, order personal checks, download transaction information into your computer communicate with the bank using e-mail, and can include bill payment services bill payment services. On-line storage refers to a file of information (like a file on â€Å"students† or † courses) that the computer and the user can access immediately. The computer, in other words, is directly connected to the file. A database is simply a collection of on-line files to which the user can gain access Tape storage of data is inexpensive and reliable. Computer tape stores data much like audiotape and videotape store pictures and music, namely, in sequential order using magnetic impression on a thin film. Disk storage involves using magnetic impressions on a thin steel disk. The advantage here is that the information does not need to be in sequential order and the user can gain access to any piece of information immediately. Transactions Immediate Input Immediate Processing Immediate File Update On-Line Processing Online processing, which is now common involves transactions and processing them immediately. On-line processing systems use disk storage, which permits immediate access to specific items of information. In on-line processing, transactions are keyed into the system immediately and the system responds immediately. The master file is updated continually. The online has revolutionized the computer and communications world like noting before. The invention of the telegraph, telephone, radio, and computer set the stage for this unprecedented integration of capabilities. The online is at once a world wide broadcasting capability, a mechanism for information dissemination, and a medium for collaboration and interaction between individuals and their computers without regard for geographic location. In this paper online several of us involved in the development and evolution of the share our views of its origins and history. This history revolves around four distinct aspects. There is the technological evolution that began with early research on packet switching and the Arpanet (and related technologies), and where current research continues to expand the horizons of the infrastructure along several dimensions such as scale, Performance and higher level functionality. There is the operations and management aspect of a global and complex operational infrastructure. There is the social aspect, which resulted in a broad community of Internets working together to create and evolve the technology. And there is the commercialization aspect, resulting in an Extremely effective transition of research results into a broadly deployed and available information infrastructure. The online today is a widespread information infrastructure the initial prototype of what is often called the National (or Global or Galactic) Information Infrastructure. Its history is complex and involves many aspects-technological organizational and community. And its influence reaches not only to the technical fields of computer communications but throughout society as we move toward increasing use of online tools to accomplish electronic commerce, information acquisition, and community operations. 2. Importance of the study The banking business has been in effect since the importance and need of finance and money as well transaction in business. We got the banking culture in a usual form within the relationship between customers and bankers. In course of time banking became the inevitable part of our daily necessities through out our state. Banking business always appears to fulfill the need and convenience of customers in home and abroad. Nowadays, the banking business refurbished itself in accordance with variation in customer's need and utilization. Accordingly a larger section of population is still unaware of Online Banking owing to many reasons and legitimate crises. Moreover, this Online banking culture is such a culture or trend, as people ought to know, considering the issue. We should go forward to work immensely in this area or field as though this trend or culture spreads and gets access to the realization of people in no time. The money embezzlement in a bank poses tense and threat to the belief of people on bank, that man be eradicated through updated, modem service ensured in change of traditional banking management, therefore, my research work regarding this banking culture might grow the confidence, eagerness to large extent. On the contrary, this study would let the people and students be familiarized and come to a close contact in behalf of this banking system. 3. Objectives of the study: The primary objective of the term paper is to find out a feasible solution for the banking System of Bangladesh using a nation-wide network. Implementing a nation-wide Electronic banking system requires huge investment especially for the establishment of a backbone network. It really matters for a country like ours. But fortunately we need not go for establishing the backbone network; instead the high-speed optical fiber network previously owned by Bangladesh Railway can be leased partially to meet the requirement. This work also finds some comparison study with the existing system and finally focuses on few what-if analyses. The comparison study has been founded upon some important financial services such as fund emote transferring, letter of credit (L/C), assuring foreign exchange rate etc. It mainly finds the economic benefits. The what-if analyses have been formed using some internal matrices for performance evolution. The main objective of the term paper is to gather knowledge about the online Banking system and find out the consistency and inconsistency. I also try to adjust with the gap to be competent at the modem job market. The areas on which I have tried to give emphasis are: ? Working environment has and should be established. Identify the problems and prospects of online banking and recommends their solution. ? Justify the present supportive facilities, which are given by online Banking ? Interaction between different place with-in Bangladesh ? To show the influence of environmental situation on online. 4. Methodology of the study: Term paper is conclusive as well as descriptive in nature. Necessary Statistical tools have been applied to carry out the assigned study Following methods have been used to accomplish this proposed solution: ?  ¬ Basic principles of existing banking system (Bangladesh) ? Study the major drawbacks of existing system by interviewing the current employees of different banks. Interviews are mostly taken through emails and in some cases through telephone and Internet chat. ?  ¬ Study the existing IT infrastructure of Bangladesh in context of Bank by interviewi ng the developer of different banking software vendors ?  ¬ Study the E-banking system from different resources that are available in different websites, books and online journals ?  ¬ Some of the what-if analysis has been used to measure performance of the proposed solution. 5. Limitations of the study I have tried out best to collect the maximum information from the internet and Banks but I faced some problems: 1. Banks didn't provide all necessary information for their business secrecy. 2. Collecting data and preparing report is very expensive. 3. Times are not sufficient for preparing a very good report. As a result, information presented on the report might not reflect the utmost entire reality. Few data, which are gathered from secondary sources, could not match with present situation, because there was no annual report from the company. . 0 Findings and Analysis: 6. 1 The initial online concepts: The original ARPANET grew into the online, online was based on the idea that there would be multiple independent networks of rather arbitrary design, beginning with the ARPANET as the pioneering packet switching network, but soon to include packet satellite networks ground based packet radio networks and other networks. The online as we now know it embodies a key underlying technical idea, namely that of open architecture networking. In this approach, the choice of any individual network technology was not dictated by particular network architecture but rather could be selected freely by a provider and made to interwar with the other networks though a meta-level â€Å"Internetworking Architecture† Up until that time there was only one general method for federating networks. This was the traditional circuit switching method where networks would interconnect at the circuit level passing individual bits on a synchronous basis along a portion of an end to end circuit between a pair of end locations. Recall that Klein rock had shown in 1961 that packet switching was a more efficient switching method. Along with packet switching special purpose interconnection arrangements between networks were another possibility. Which there were other limited ways to interconnect different networks, they required that one be used as a component of the other, rather than acting as a peer of the other in offering end to end service. In an open architecture network, the individual networks may e separately designed and developed and each may have its own unique interface which it may offer to users and/ or other providers, including other internet roviders. Each network can be designed in accordance with the specific environment and user requirements of that network. There are generally no constraints on the types of network that can be included or on their geographic scope, although certain pragmatic considerations will dictate what makes sense to offer. Basically online is making up by networkin g of all branches. Any customer can collect money or deposit any amount of money, any branch of this bank. So modern world, online banking is call easy banking online system has two parts: Internal online system. External online system. Internal online system is any customer can deposit money or collect money from any branches of this bank. And external online system is any customer can deposit money or collect money or even pay his any kind of bill by ATM card or credit card. Online banking system is a powerful banking system for any banking transaction. For set up an online system need a lot of money. So which bank has only two or three branches don't want to set up online system. Online banking is secure. Every online bank is so confident of its technology that they guarantee the confidentiality of any transaction on the internet. Electronic payment is so easy. Just follow the instructions as outlined in the easy guide to electronic bill paying as it takes through the process. Step-by step or visit their bill payment tutorial as new things come on-line, well announce in these new area. The customer can get to it from their name page or as the customer â€Å"exit† online banking. They also e-mail their customers when there are changes in their bank, who has online banking system, they also have own website. In this website they must have obtain of online. Any customer can take the benefit of online service from this website. Every online bank sends customer's last month transaction report at their home. So check this report, to see what’s cleared and what hasn't. Customer's â€Å"Account summary† will display whether a bill payment was rejected. Mobile banking is the modify color of online banking. Any customer can take the benefit of online banking by phone. Any customer can enjoy the fabulous features of online banking even when they away from the bank. Mobile banking is the smart choice for busy People on the move and if they are already on online banking customer. It's available at no additional cost. Mobile Banking with a palm handheld adds an exciting new dimension to online Banking. Now customer can enjoy all the ease, convenience, privacy and security of Online Banking through a handheld computer that fits neatly in customer purse or pocket it’s the financial Imagine the freedom and control of viewing customer financial picture any time of the day of night, in the privacy of customer's own surroundings. Check the balances of saving accounts, business banking accounts, lines of credit, or VISA' credit card accounts; †¢ Transfer funds between accounts. †¢ Check the balances and details of your loan and mortgage accounts †¢ Pay your bills, †¢ Obtain up-to- the minute account information. Online Banking is anywhere you have Internet access, so it's never been more convenient to manage your finances. With online banking you can quickly and easily solution of the future and its there right now system Check your account activity and balances. †¢ Transfer funds and receive and pay bills. †¢ Contribute to your RRSP and double up on your mortgage payments †¢ Plus so much more. l management Enjoy all this convenience and control within the safety, security and privacy of Online Banking 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. 6. 2 Service Provided by Online Bank Most of the online Banks have the equivalence in the services. Considering the services of banks given, we can show the view of services offered based on the following forms given bellow: Services available | |Basic (Most bank offer) |Advanced (some banks offer) | |Check account balances |Apply for loans | |Transfer funds among accounts |Download information about accounts | |Pay bills electronically |Trade stocks or mutual funds | | |View images of checks and deposit | 6. 3 Description of Online banking service Online Ban king Service is an electronic service provided via the Internet that permits customer authorized access to Access information about certain deposits and credit accounts for which customer are authorized to view information. †¢ Transfer funds between authorized accounts. †¢ Request and receive confirmation of stop payment on a check. †¢ Enter an order for customer personal checks according to check order information on file. †¢ Download transaction information to personal financial management software or spreadsheet. Communicate with the Bank using the online Banking E-mail Feature. The service is provided free to charge except for Online Bill Payment and stop payment orders. The Bank may offer additional services in the future, which will be subject to these terms and conditions as from time to time modified. Fees and charges for online Banking Services and Bill Payment will not be changed without at least 30 days prior notice and shall be charged to customer acc ount. The service is generally available 24 hours a day, seven days a week; however, the service may be unavailable from time to time for routine software and hardware maintenance or due to unscheduled down time. 6. 4 General terms and conditions Anyone agree to indemnify, hold harmless, and defend this bank from and against any and all claims, actions, suits, judgments, and expenses ( including court costs and reasonable fees of attorneys, accountants , and expert witnesses) at us sole expense, arising from us failure to abide by the restrictions on use of the Online Banking Services set forth herein. He agrees that the following uses of the Online Banking Services are strictly prohibited: †¢ Unauthorized communication of any account information to any other person or entity. †¢ Unauthorized communication of any information concerning any password or other online access number, code, or identification or any other proprietary information belonging to any other person or entity. Use of the Online Banking Services to copy or to distribute or transmit copies of copyrighted materials belonging to any other person or entity is permitted only to the extent that the owner has provided express permission to the user Permit ting such activity and the Bank has also approved such use in advance. Copying or Distributing or transmitting copyrighted materials other than with permission as specified above is expressly prohibited. †¢ Communicating any absence or defamatory information. †¢ Use of the Online Banking Services in violation of any telecommunication, postal, or other local laws or regulations of the user's †¢ Any use of the Online banking services for any purpose other than conducting banking business pertaining to us account (s) with regarding Bank. 6. 5 Limitations and liabilities The Bank and its suppliers make no warranties or representations of any kind with respect to the Online Banking Services, whether express or implied including but not limited to merchantability or fitness for particular purpose and neither the Bank nor the Bank's suppliers nor anyone else who has been involved in the creation, production or delivery of the Online Banking Services assumes any responsibilities with respect to his use thereof. No oral or written information or advice given by the Bank, the Bank's suppliers or any of the Bank’s agents or employees shall create or increase the scope of a warranty or in any way decrease this limitation and he may not rely on any such information or advice. He explicitly agree that any liability of regarding Bank arising from the provision of Online Banking Services is limited to the fee he paid the Bank for the transaction which gave rise to the alleged liability. He expressly waive any claims for additional consequential, incidental, compensatory or punitive damages and agree that the damage provisions set forth herein are commercially reasonable in light of the value of such Online Banking Services (including the possibility that the fees he paid hereunder may not be sufficient to fully compensate for all losses, but such fees are in an amount as to make it unfeasible for us to be responsible for greater damages). Any cause of action concerning the online banking services or online bill payment services under the agreement must be commenced within one year after such cause of action has occurred and be filled the circuit Court of the sate of Oregon for Baker country. 6. 6 How does online banking work? Online banking offers many chances for consumers to do certain transactions over the Internet. They allow them to use online features, which are available on the web such as checking their account balance and other types of transactions. To use Internet features, consumers have to log in and type their account number with the password. This will enable them to view all the information they need of their accounts and by clicking on the type of transaction, they want. In addition to that, most online banks provide a proper privacy of the information related to consumers and maintains security aspects. There are many services that can be presented by the banks over the Internet instead of viewing accounts for consumers around the world. Paying bills electrically is also one of the most effective features of online banking. Consumers do not need to wait until receiving mails of bills if they use the electronic way of payments. More over, online banking can serve their customers with transferring their money between accounts, which could be as a real transaction in dealing with traditional banks. They also can contact their branches over the net by sending emails if they face any problem or ask for farther information. Architecturally, bank may design its Online Banking system in two ways: Central Server System Distributed Server System Considering the facts of telecommunication infrastructure, distributed system is preferred solution. So that, one branch can do its transaction and customers can get service even if the communication is disrupted. The foreign banks in our country use central Server concept. In these systems, all the branches log in the central server and perform transactions. Solid communication line is required for central server system. If the line is down, transaction hamper2. 4 Critical evaluation of online banking. 6. 6. 1 Bill payment services This applies to all checking accounts for which Online Bill Payment Service has been requested. He authorize regarding Bank to transfer funds in accordance with his payment request. Payment (s) will be deducted from his checking account and transferred to a designated vendor/merchant account based on the electronic instructions he authorize. The Bank will execute his request when instructed by him or his authorized representative, subject to the terms of this agreement and applicable disclosures. Consumer funds transfers are also subject to the Electronic Funds Transfer Act (EFTA). 6. 6. 2 Security procedures The Bank's financial standard security procedures are to request one’s online banking users ID code and password. User may change his/her password at anytime while online. He agrees that any use of the Online banking services indicates his acceptance of the Bank's security procedures. He agree that any request acted upon in good faith by the Bank in compliance with these security procedures whether or not authorized by him, shall be treated as his authorized request whether he paying his bills with Online Banking trading stocks with Action Direct Net Action or submitting a credit card application online, regarding bank financial group members have gone to great lengths to ensure your confidentiality and security. They use several layers of robust security methods including encryption, firewall and timed long outs among others to ensure his personal and financial information are kept private and confidential. With respect to his Online banking sessions, as an extra measure of security, confirmation numbers are issued with every transaction. To protect his password and online Banking session, they employ state of the art encryption technology. Encryption is presently the most effective way to achieve data security. That is why your browser must be compatible with 128-bit encryption in order to access Online Banking. Client privacy is an important issued both to him and to them regarding Bank is committed to respecting the confidentiality of them customer’s personal business and information. 6. 6. 3 Recording and records The user authorizes the Bank to record electronic transmissions between the Bank and him or any person acting on his behalf, to keep those records as long as we consider it necessary. If the bank records about a payment are different than the users records, recordings, including, but not limited to any payment instructions received by the bank. 6. 6. 4 Methods used to make the funds transferred The Bank may select any means for the transmission of funds which we consider suitable, including but not limited to Automated Clearing House (ACH). You should anticipate that payments made by ACH might take up to 4 days to be credited; other payments may take up to 10 days to be credited. The Bank is not responsible for performance failure as a result of a delay or interruption in transfer facilities, labor disputes, power failures, equipment malfunctions, suspension of payment by another bank or payee, refusal or delay by another bank or payee to accept the funds transfer, war , emergency conditions, fire , earthquake, or other circumstances not within our control. These difficulties may extend the time when payments are credited. 6. 6. 5 Incorrect instruction He agree that he are solely responsible for giving them correct instructions with regard to the account his wish debited, the time of payment, the amount of the payment and the correct payee. He furthermore agree that his obligation to pay the Bank the amount of the payment made on his behalf is not excused by his failure to give us accurate or proper instructions. He agrees that the Bank will not be responsible for any delay arising out of our attempt to obtain correct instructions. 6. 6. 6 Receipt, acknowledgement and execution of request by bank Payment request are considered received by the Bank after providing he with a confirmation number for his payments (s) and his payment (s) have been confirmed as correct by him at the end of the Online Bill Payment session. The Bank must have a certain amount of notice before paying a bill. In order to execute his order to pay a bill on the same day the request is received, the Bank must have the request before 12:00 noon, Pacific Time, of that day. If the request to pay a bill is received after 12:00 noon, Pacific Time, the request will not be made until the next banking day. 6. 6. 7 Payment of bank When the Bank makes him requested payment he authorized the Bank to automatically and immediately deduct form his checking account the amount of the payment. He also agrees that the Online Bill payment transaction fee will be automatically deducted from his account on a monthly basis. 6. 6. 8 Rejection of payment The Bank has a right to reject his request for a payment for reasons including but not limited to: insufficient funds or uncollected funds in the amount specified in his request; the Bank's inability to execute the funds transfer for the reasons set out above titled Method Used to Make the Funds Transfer or incorrect or incomplete instructions given by you. He recognizes that the payee may be advised of the reason a payment is reject. 6. 6. 9 Cancellation or amendment of payment If the Bank has received his payment request and he later decides he you want to cancel or amend that payment, he may be able to revise his payment transfer instructions. He will not be able to cancel or amend his bill payment request if it has already been executed by the Bank. The Bank shall have no liability if such cancellation or amendment is not effected, and he agree to indemnify and hold the Bank harmless from any and all liabilities, costs and expenses (including court costs and reasonable fees for attorneys, accountants, and expert witnesses) the Bank may incur in attempting to cancel or amend the payment. 6. 6. 10 Confirmation of payment execution and account statement All payee payments executed will appear on his monthly checking account statement. He should review his statement, or other notice, for any discrepancies in connection with his payments. If he thinks a payment was made incorrectly form his checking account. He must contact Pioneer Bank in writing upon discovery of the error or within 60 days after he receive the first statement or notice which has the discrepancy, whichever is earlier. Failure to do so will reliever the Bank of any obligation to compensate you for his losses and expenses directly related to the erroneous payment. 6. 6. 11 Duty of reasonable care The Bank shall exercise good faith and reasonable care in processing his payments. He shall similarly exercise good faith and reasonable care in observing and maintaining security procedures, in communicating payment requests to the Bank, and in reviewing Bank statements for any discrepancies. The Bank will use reasonable efforts in attempting to cause creditors to reverse any service fee or late charge, which is related to payment processing error or delay. He also understand that the Bank will not be responsible for any loss or penalty that he may incur due to lack of sufficient funds or other conditions that may prevent the withdrawal of funds from his account or cause delays of errors in his payments. He understand that the Bank will not honor any request to pay when there are not sufficient funds available for withdrawal of funds form his account or cause delays or errors in his payments. He understands that the Bank will not honor any request to pay when there are not sufficient funds available in his account. The Bank's rules on when deposited funds are available for withdrawal are outlined in the information he received when opening your accounts (s). 6. 6. 12 Limitation of liability He explicitly agree that any liability of regarding Bank arising from the provision of Online Bill Payment Services is limited to the fee he paid the Bank for the transaction which gave rise to the alleged liability. He expressly waive any claims for additional, consequential, incidental, compensatory, or punitive damages and agree that the damage provisions set forth herein are commercially reasonable in light of the value of such Online bill Payment Services (including the possibility that the fees you paid hereunder may not be sufficient to fully compensate for all losses, but such fees are in an amount as to make it unfeasible for the Bank to be responsible for greater damages) 6. 7. Features of online banking The features available from an on-line bank account are similar to those which are avail able via ‘phone banking or visiting the local branch. on-line banking features do differ between the banks, but usually include: 6. 8 The major principles are: 6. 8. 1 Online Bank ing Principles Supplement to consumers Union policy on Electronic money and Banking security: 1. Providers of on-line financial services should provide sites that are secure. Secure sites should include the most effective existing protections such as passwords and encryption, and should be routinely reviewed and updated to ensure that new security features are added as they are developed. 2. Financial services providers should be vigilant to expose imposters using their names or similar names to include consumers to reveal personal financial information. 3 . Federal and state regulations should carefully scrutinize the operating practices, security and solvency standards, and privacy policies of both on-line providers of financial services and of third-party providers, contractors and subcontractors. 4. Financial services entities should take responsibility to make the consumer whole for losses from computer crime not caused by the consumer; for security breaches; for failures and losses caused by third parties selected by the financial services entity or by its subcontractors; and for losses contributed to by the financial institution's sharing of customer data internally, with an affiliate, or with a third party. 5. Providers of on-line financial services should accept the responsibility to try to prevent, detect, and eradicate viruses and other security breaches. Viruses sometimes cannot be prevented, but some on-line banking contractors offered today attempt to eliminate all responsibility on the provider even to try to do so. Because a consumer's ability to access funds needed for daily living can be affected by viruses and other security breaches, on-line financial services providers should accept more responsibility than is commonly accepted by web site providers of lower cost, less financially sensitive products. 6. Banks should take affirmative steps to make on-line banking services available in neighborhoods where access to on-line services is low. This may include providing access and training in community centers, housing projects, and urban high schools, as well as other creative approaches. 7. On-line banking channels should not replace other channels that permit in-person activity unless and until there is clear evidence that all demographic groups (including age and income groups) are in fact bearing equally well served by on- line banking as by other bank channels, including brick and mortar branches. 8. Banks who provide special offers to internet customers must also have an effective method to make those offers available to customers without access to the internet. 9. Access to on-line banking services should not be tied to the purchase of another product or service, or to high minimum balance requirements. 10 . Banks and insured financial service providers who accept deposits nationally should not restrict their Community Reinvestment Act areas to the physical location of their home offices. 11. Banks and other providers of on-line financial services should protect and respect consumers' financial privacy. Information about account numbers, account balances, transaction patterns, specific transactions or similar information should never be provided to third parties, affiliates or internal divisions without the express permission of the customer. Material used to check permission should desirable all of the types of information that might be shared and with whom the information might be shared. 12. Banks who use an opt-out method should provide a means to exercise the opt-out directly through the sign-up process, in addition to providing a phone numbers or other methods. The customer who knows he or she wishes to opt-out at the time of signing up for on-line banking should not have to take a separate step to do so. If opt-out is used, it must include the opportunity to opt-out from information sharing among both affiliates and internal bank departments, as well as with third parties. 13. Financial services providers should not condition the provision of on-line services upon consent to share financial information with an internal division, affiliate, or third party, except to the extent that the internal sharing of such information id both necessary for the provision of the service and fully disclosed to the consumer. 14 Financial services sites should never store information about the consumer in any location where it can be accessed by a third party. On-line financial services providers should fully disclose the nature and purpose of any electronic markets they propose to place in the consumer's system, secure the consumer's consent to place those markets, and permit the consumer to decline to accept such markets. 15. Banks and others offering uninsured on-line financial services should prominently and effectively disclose which services, accounts, or products are not insured by the FDIC. At a minimum, insured and uninsured products should not be offered on the same screen. When linking from an insured to an uninsured product screen, special care must be taken to identify the uninsured nature of the products offered through the link. Providers should test their customer base to evaluate the effectiveness of these disclosers. Regulators should actively enforce these requirements, and should conduct their own tests to evaluate the effectiveness of disclosers. 16. Banks and other FDIC-insured entities should never permit their names to be used by or licensed to uninsured entities, nor to be used by any third party in a fashion that creates an impression that a communication from the third party is from the Bank. 17. Increases in fees and changes in material terms should be accompanied by at least 30 days advance notice. The notice should be sent by a means calculated to actually communicate the information to the customer. Posting information on the bank's web site about new fees or changes in material terms is not sufficient. 18. Providers of on-line financial services should make their contracts available before the customer must give personal financial information and should make those agreements available in a form which the customer can download, print, and retain in a manner that shows what the agreement was when the consumer entered into it. 19. On-line bill payment services, whether or not associated with on-line banking, should clearly disclose on the screen which is used to schedule the payment the date and time that the payment will be sent and whether the payment will be sent electronically or by ordinary mail. 20. On-line financial services providers should use the power of the electronic environment to facilitate more effective consumer discloser and education. 21. On-line banking services should meet the consumer protection and other statutory requirements and restrictions of the consumer's home state. 22. Disputes arising from on-line banking and bill payment should be resolved promptly, and should be at least as prompt as the voluntary time frame of not more than five business days to re-credit disputed funds which have been developed for debit cards. 23. If an arbitration clause is used, it should permit the consumer to choose whether to agree to arbitration after the dispute arises, and should provide fair, cost-effective procedures for the consumer. 24. On-line bill payment services should not impose an earlier time for stop payments than the time the payment could be stopped if it were made by check. 25. Financial services providers who use electronic mail to communicate with their customers should provide two-way 26. Customers wishing to close their accounts should be able to do so with an instantaneous electronic transfer of funds to another designated account 27. On-line banking contracts contain to provision presuming that a consumer is in receipt of information simply because the bank has sent or posted met information. 6. 9 Types of online banking: The common assumption is that Internet banking is the only method of online banking. However, this is not strictly the case, as several types of services are currently available: PC Banking- The forerunner to Internet banking has been around since the late 1980's and is still widely used today. Individual banks provide software which is loaded on to an SME's office computer. The SME can then access their bank account via a modem and telephone link to the bank. Access is not necessarily via the Internet. Internet Banking- Using a Web browser, a user can access their account, once the bank's application server has validated the user's identity. Digital TV Banking- Using the standard digital reception equipment (set top box and remote control); users can access their bank account. Abbey national and HSBC services are available via digital TV providers. One of its main selling points is that no account details are transmitted via the World Wide Web. Text phone Banking- HSBC has introduced this service to allow customers with text phones to check their balance, pay bills and transfer money. Internet banking can be split into two distinct groups: Traditional banks and building societies use the internet as an add-on service with which to give businesses access to their accounts. 6. 10 Critical evaluation of online banking 6. 10. 1 Advantages of Online Banking For consumers ? The privacy of customers. ? Online services are available for consumers 24 hours daily during the whole week. ? Customers might save time and efforts of doing their finance transactions. ? It will be easy for them to view all information they need clearly and simply. ? Searching of any branch of a bank will be accessibly by online users. For Banks ? One way of attracting more customers is to use their services. Increasing the bank's reputation around the world is well known by many people. ? It doesn't need to employ lots of suffer or bankers to deal with customers directly. ? Banks can deal simply with their branches all over the world with one network. 6. 10. 2 Disadvantages of Online Banking For c onsumers ? Some people feel uncomfortable to provide their passwords or any kind of information about their funds over the internet. ? Some websites might be difficult for consumers for the first time to check their finance. ? It is possible for banks to update their websites, which needs from consumers to type in again their data. ? It is necessary to have knowledge and skills on using the Internet. For Banks Banks may require big amount of money to establish a website with attractive features. ? They may lose their information if the network broke with other branches. ? Hacking and viruses will cause problems for online banking, which could broke and damage the information or 6. 11 Channels of Online Banking There are so many channels of online banking to get the online operation accomplished within a few branches of a bank in banking sector. 1. Wide area network (WAN): 2. WAN by radio link (Communication using Radio Frequency): By introducing Radio Link communication network WAN can be set up between Head office and branch office. It is a point-to-point communication network, which uses radio frequency. Radio frequency of that particular bandwidth should take the approval from Bangladesh Telegraph and Telephone Board (BTTB). WAN through Radio linking provides 11 mbps bandwidth. 3. WAN by V-set (Very small Aperture Terminal): Online communication between two single nodes VSAT can be installed. For this, a fixed amount of fees is to be paid to the satellite company for renting bandwidth each year. 4. WAN by optical fiber backbone line: â€Å"WAN† can be set up by installing a switch consisting 72 Fiber Optic port at the place of Main Server that can make a connection directly with the Commercial Bank's Head Office server by putting the Optic Fiber Line but this is very difficult and expansive. Data can be transferred and received through a continuous speed. It costs near about TK. 90 million that is lower than the VSAT connection. 5. WAN by T&T leased line: These are simple copper wire leased lines provided by T&T. These connections are the most cost effective solution and provide sufficient data transmission speed up to 19. 2 kilobytes (kbps). 6. 12 The major types of business models are: |Brokerage |Advertising | |Infomediary |Merchant | |Manufacturer |Affiliate | |Community |Utility | Each type of those business models has individual way to be used by any business. For example. Brokerage model depends on helping both sellers and buyers with their transitions. Brokers charge for fees of doing transactions depending on the value of business. This model can be business-to-business (B2B) and business-to-consumer (B2C) and consumer-to-business (C2B). Advertising is another kind of business models that operates with web advertising such as creating banners of the business. Infomediary model is used by a business interested in having information about consumers and products. Online banking follows the merchant type as a business model to generate its revenue. They sell services and products such as loans, credit cards and other facilities against gaining charges and interests or commissions. It seems to be similar as traditional banks with its business model of operating their income but with electronic services it could be more simple and faster than traditional methods. This kind of model can be business-to-business (B2B) and business-to-consumer (B2C). This means that online banks can provide and help consumers with loans, paying bills, opening accounts, credit cards and other services. Furthermore, online banking can offer certain services for businesses with the loans that invested in such projects . 13. Current Banking Security System Security is a vital issue for all financial institutions. Banks that provide services to customer must ensure security so those customers are satisfied about bank. In a sense, bank is a business organization so it is also their responsibility to maintain everything securely. Banks also maintain lockers for safekeeping the most important valuable assets of customers. To serve that purpose, bank takes some rent from customer; the same rule exists for safekeeping money, which will be also discussed in this chapter. To ensure the E-banking, there are some security principles that have to be provided by Banks. Because there are many transactions occurring in electronic media, so without securing the banking activities banks cannot run. Security principles are: 01. Authentication Authentication is the process by which two parties involved in a dialogue are given a guarantee that they are indeed interacting with whom they think they are interacting. Authentication might be from both sides- server authentication and client authentication. 02. Confidentiality Confidentiality deals with protecting the contents of message or data transmitted over the Internet from unauthorized people. For example, one wants to protect his/her credit card information when he/she purchases over the Internet. 03. Integrity Data integrity is related to preventing data from being modified by an attacker. For Instance, only the credit card number is protected while the contents of the order (online) are not. Then, the attacker could potentially modify your order while it is being transmitted over the network by adding or deleting contents from the order or even changing the delivery address. 04. Availability It is also important to guarantee that authentic users of an e-banking site expect to get his service when he needs it. Sometimes an attacker might set up a program that continuously attempts to be authenticated by the bank. But the authentication will repeatedly fail. However, attacker would occupy precious resources of the site. These resources become unavailable to the legitimate customers of the bank. 05. Non-repudiation Non-repudiation is an attribute of secure systems that prevents the sender of a message from denying having sent it. This might very costly for e-businesses such as online trading which want to ensure that a customer will not be able to deny having requested to buy or sell securities. 7. 0 Online Banking in Bangladesh Foreign Banks: 7. 1 HSBC in Bangladesh The HSBC Asia Pacific group represents HSBC in Bangladesh. HSBC opened its first branch in Dhaka on 17th December 1996, to provide personal banking services, trade and corporate services, and custody services. Through a lobal network linked by advanced technology, including a rapidly growing e-commerce capability, HSBC provides a comprehensive range of financial services: personal, commercial, corporate, investment and private banking; trade services; cash management; treasury and capital markets services; insurance; consumer and busines s finance; pension and investment fund management; trustee services; and securities and custody services. HSBC is fully on line banking & without any hesitation I can say one thing that they are providing best services for the customers rather than the other foreign banks. Hexagon: Hexagon is an electronic Banking system through which HSBC group customers have access to information about their relationship with the group and may transact their business. The HSBC group recognizes that in order to maintain and enhance its position as a global financial service organization, it must continue to provide and promote a sophisticated global electronic banking system to both existing and new group customers. Hexagon may be used by small and medium sized businesses, large corporate, institute high net worth individuals and retail customers. The HSBC group is committed to the success and Hexagon and has allocated significant TSV and business resources to its development, management and marketing. Hexagon is run from three electronic banking computers (EBCs) is Hong Kong (HK), Buffalo (US) and Great Britain (UK), with links to group systems such as HUB and TREATS. The main features of Hexagon The products and services offered by hexagon to customer include: |Current account information |(CA) CA A1 | |Saving account information |(SA) SA A1 | |Loan account information |(LN) LN AI | |Credit care information |(CC) CC A1 | |Funds transfers (PA and TR) |PA/TR Payments | |Transfers Foreign exchange (FX) |FX A1 | |Time deposits (TD) |TD A1 | |Trade services | | |Imports and exports |IM/EX Report writer | |Documentary credits |DC import | The main benefits of Hexagon Hexagon gives customers direct access to there account 24 hours a day, 365 days a year from any where in the world. Benefits for customer include ? Increase in business efficiency ? Flexibility- the system may be tailored to the needs or particular customers; ? Easy to use, training is simple and no sophisticated equipment is required. 7. 2 Standard Chartered Bank Standard Chartered Bank’s online banking service is known as â€Å"I-Banking†. I-Banking offer the convenience of managing and controlling ones banking and finances – whenever he wants to, wherever it’s needed. I-Banking is convenient, simple and secure. I-Banking: Standard Chartered Bank’s I-Banking facility is simple and secure and it’s absolutely free of charge! With I-Banking, one can access any of the basic banking services he requires, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a years. I-Banking offers the following range of online service. Which makes the client’s banking accessible anytime and from anywhere. I-Banking includes the following services. ? Account services ? Fund transfers ? Payments ? Card services. ? Personal update Private Banks: 7. 3 Eastern Bank Ltd. Online Banking: Flex [email  protected] is the Internet banking solution that delivers the Corporate, Consumer and Investment Banking products to bank’s customers over the net. EBL’s Internet Banking module is a secure, robust and extensible web banking solution. It is anchored on a reusable component framework that complies with industry standards. Customers will be able to transfer funds, inquired balance, and request for chequebook, pay utility bills on-line etc. Internet Banking: EBL Internet banking application addresses the needs of small, individual and corporate account holders of the bank. This application provides a comprehensive range of banking services that enable the customer to meet most of their banking requirements over the net. List of Transactions: 1. Account Operations and Inquiries 2. Fund Transfers and Payments 3. Utility Bill payment 4. Deposits 5. Loans 6. Inquires and other services 7. Session Summary Deposits: ? Maintain deposits ? Request for rollover of deposits ? Request for premature closure of deposits Loans: ? Loan application requests ? Initiate part of full payment of loan ? View schedules of loan payments Inquiries and other services: ? Interest Rates inquiry ? Foreign Exchange Rates Inquiry ? Messages & Bulletins ? Internet Banking ? Product information ? Change password EBL with new ICT Infrastructure features: Essentially, EBL was not in a well-connected situation. Data communication was limited to secluded offices in a very limited fashion. EBL now is a different scenario. EBL HO is now connected with the branches all around Bangladesh. Here is a breakdown of what the data communication infrastructure looks like today: ? High Speed DDN and Radio Link connectivity between Branches and the Head Office ? Local Area Network (LAN)- providing data network connectivity at the Head Office and the Branches. ? Metropolitan Are Network (MAN)- connecting the DHK branches with HO, CTG branches with Agrabad and SYL branches with Chouhatta. ? Wide Area Network (WAN)- enabling the data network circle between Head Office and the Branches. ? Solid foundation over data and network security implementation. EBL Banking Benefits: Flex cube banking software automated in all branches of EBL has the adaptability for incorporating the delivery channels like, Internet Banking, Tele-Banking, ATM/POS, Home Banking, Wireless Access Protocol, Call Centre are all superb services which a customer can avail in due course. EBL’s repertoire of hardware is highly sophisticated; as no other banks in Bangladesh have availed this are recent times. The combination of hardware will help consolidate the backbone for the plethora of services provided to the customers by the Bank for the years to come. Moreover, EBL, country wish bade farewell to the lackluster range of hardware, which were in use over the year. ? Anywhere 24 hours ( 7 days banking ? Internet banking, Tele banking and ATM/POS ? One Stop Shop for all you banking need. ? Significantly reduced time in banking transactions Sophisticated customer information at the fingertips and can be provided anytime. ? Online Inter-branch Transfer ? Any Branch pay order Syste m ? Digital Signature/photo image while transacting ? Display Customers Balance, Transactions, and Statements online. ? Automatic Sweep in & out ? Locker Service Availability ? EBL 5 to 9 Extended Service ? Bill payment o Utility Service Bill o Tuition Fees o Mobile Phone Bills ? Versatile Products availability ? Fast Cash ? Fast Loan ? Auto Loan ? Consumer Loans ? High Performance Account ? Savings Insurance Account ? Monthly Income Plan ? Monthly Deposit Plan. Visa Electronic online debit card EBL Introduces the Visa Electron online debit card: Unique Features: 1. With EBL via Electron you can now draw cash from the Q-cash ATM network, 24 hours a day through out the year. No need to carry excess cash in you wallet. Your card is electronically linked to your EBL account. 2. EBL Visa Electron is also accepted at Visa merchants with Electronic P. O. S Visa Symbol, where you can pay for merchandise and services. 3. Acceptance- hassle free acceptance at network of Q-cash ATMs currently 10 and to be expanded up to 50 by July 204 and approximately 100 POS deployed in major cities. 4. Photo card- Displays your photo & signature on front of your card for enhanced security. 7. 4 Prime Bank Ltd. Online Branch Banking (Any Branch Banking) The Bank has set up a Wide Area Network (WAN) across the country to provide online branch banking facility to its valued clients. Under the Scheme, clients of any branch shall be able to do banking transaction at other branches of the bank. Under this system a client will to be able to do following type of transactions: ? Cash withdrawal from his/her account at any branch of the Bank irrespective or location. ? Cash deposit in/he account at any branch of the Bank irrespective of location. ? Cash deposit in other’s account at any branch of the Bank irrespective of location. ? Transfer of money from his/her account with any branch of the Bank. Any amount can be deposited or transferred under Prime Line. In the system, however, at present there is a limit for cash withdrawal through bearer or by account holder himself. Online Branch Banking Service: Is designed to serve its valued clients. Under this system, you shall be able to do the following type of transactions: ? Cash withdrawal from you account at any branch of the Bank. ? Deposit in you account at any Branch of the Bank. ? Transfer of money from you account to any other account with any Branch of the Bank. One Stop Utility Service Scheme Like any other country of the world, the people living in the urban areas of our country lead a very busy life. Time is very valuable to them. Despite this, they are to waste their valuable time at the counter of different Banks and other Institutions for payment of their monthly bills of different utility services like Electricity, Telephone, Water, and Gas etc. They, as such, face enormous difficulties for payment of their monthly bills in time. Such inconveniences of the urban people can be removed by making a management to collect all the bills of various utility services at One Point. Scope of Services: With this end in View, Prime Bank Limited has introduced a scheme entitle â€Å"One Stop Utility Services Scheme†. The scheme is designed to provide all the required services to the customer in making payment of their following bills on their behalf from the counter of the Bank: ? To pay Electricity Bills ? Cash deposit in his/her account at any branch of the Bank irrespective of location. Cash deposit in other’s account at any branch of the Bank irrespective of location. ? Transfer of money from his/her a ccount with any branch of the Bank. ? Any amount can be deposited or transferred under Prime Line. In the system, however, at present there is a limit for cash withdrawal through bearer or by account holder himself. Main features of Master Card Credit: ? Prime bank ensure high level of security by inserting your photograph on the card. ? 20 to 50 day’s credit from the data of transaction. When you receive you monthly statement, you can either choose to pay in full or just minimum due amount shown on the statement. No interest in charged if you pay in full within payment due date. 24 hours a day, 365 days world wide service. ? No joining/administrative fees. ? Waiver of annual fees for International Card: If you accumulate 20,000 Prime Bank Bonus Point for you Gold Card or 10,000 Bonus Point for you Silver Card in a year then you enjoy our Card without fees ($1 purchase: 1 Bonus). ? Waiver of annual fee for Local Card: If you accumulate 10,000 Prime Bank Bonus Point for you Go ld Card or 8,000 Bonus Point for you Silver Card in a year then you enjoy our Card without fees (Tk. 50/- purchase: 1 Bonus Point). ? The Highest Prime Bank Bonus Point holder can enjoy free air ticket Dhaka-Bankok-Dhka. (Business Class) ? Cash advance facilities. 1, 39, 00,000 locations accept Master Card worldwide. Facilities available wide the card: The card can be used for: a. Making payments to Merchants against purchase of all goods and services by the Cardholder from Merchant(s); and b. Availing Cash Advances: i. From any of PBL Branches or any member of Master Card of any Merchant authorized to make Cash Advances; as may be agreed upon by PBL or ii. By the use of the Card on any ATM of PBL or of Master Card. Subject to these terms and conditions and in compliance with such requirements, PBL, any Merchant or Master card may impose limitations and procedures as from time to time. 8. Role of Government This is particularly important for countries like Bangladesh where very little has been done in development these technologies and skills to promote and support online banking. The government can take the following policies to promote online banking in our country: 1. The intergovernmental agreement for harmonizing the rules and regulations that can help in smooth transformation of the world economy and expansion of a unified world market. 2. The regulations should simply foster competition, protect intellectual property and privacy, and prevent fraud to do businesses under whatever terms they agree upon. An international uniform commercial code is needed to simplify and encourage electronic commerce under consistent rules and rights. 3. Govt. an undertake perfect initiatives to construct feasible, platform of information technology within affordable capacity. Financial allocation should be more widen for global standard banking technology. 4. Adequate number of bank employee will ha ve both computer and banking aptitude and cognizance, suitable in the banking perspective to improve the banking sector. 5. â€Å"Tele-communication† sector is pre-conditions to make fastest online banking services. Unfortunately a tale-communication service of govt. is yet to reach to remote and rural area. 6. Frequent inflow of information technology in the shape of broad band internet access, sub-marine optical fiber utility processed, might be patronized by govt. apidly to step ahead in respect to information technology for enhancement of blessing of on line banking. As well, this linkage of internet service will be encouraging for implementation of online banking in Bangladesh. 7. A project of â€Å"software development† should be under process to continue the function of banking software and expertise of banking network. Thus, banks and bankers enjoy creating creditable, demanding and world standard services for the shake of greater interest of nation and economy . 9. Conclusion The main objective of this term paper was to come up with a feasible proposal for implementing nationwide E-banking as well as ensure security. To ensure security we proposed some of the security features that need to be implemented in various levels of the proposed infrastructure like application level security, IP level security, user level authentication as well as employee level authentication as it is very much needed to keep track who is responsible for transferring money from one account to another account. We have analyzed the problems of existing system and shown that our proposed system can overcome most of the existing problems: Currently in our country accessing and transferring fund from remote area is a difficult and time-consuming task. Naturally it now takes 3 to 25 days. The key point is to note that the fund to be transferred is kept idle for the delay period. The proposed framework very clearly shows that it is a huge loss of money when considered collectively. So, it gains a remarkable save both for the customers and banks. Letter of Credit (L/C) is an important service of a bank. It is directly involved in foreign trade. The more efficient and cost-effective the L/C operation is the better opportunity comes for foreign trade affairs which is a prime factor to escalate the national economy. Basically an L/C operation comprises of a number of sequential steps. Information Passing required for an L/C operation is now done by foreign courier services like DHL, FedEx etc. It requires much time compared with the electronic transaction. Moreover, an amount of TK 1000/= (on an average) is spent per L/C. Proposed online transaction system cuts down this charges almost to zero. It contributes a lot when a large number of L/C is considered (i. e. total no. Of L/C of a branch in a year). At the same time due to reduced processing time it increases the no. of L/C transaction. It is very frustrating to note that now few banks deceives the Central Bank by giving a wrong calculation of its total deposit. So, they deposit less money as CCR to the Central Bank. In our proposed infrastructure, the Central Bank is given the supreme mandate for any required information from any bank at any time without delay. It removes the risk of escaping or misleading the deposit of proper CCR amount. As a result Bangladesh Bank would be properly benefited. CIB (Credit Information Bureau) generation is another important factor especially for inland trading loan. Currently the process of CIB report generation is very complicated and time-consuming. Proposed system maintains an integrated database with his past transactions record. So it becomes a matter of few clicks and prints to generate CIB report. Besides faster computation it also assures that the information is authentic and updated. Another important factor for banking services is updating foreign exchange rate. Now each day the Central Bank announces the rates. Each bank gets information on an interval of 30 minutes. It ensures some sort of unexpected loss/profit for both banks and customers. The suggested system maintains a complete connectivity among all banks so the foreign exchange rate is always updated at each bank. 10. Recommendations As this research-based study on the â€Å"Online banking† lets me a provision to come to the closest contract of the original plot of this banking system. There are some recommendations to improvise the On-line banking in our country. 1) Autonomous Banking culture, reducing dependence on manual service, should be in abundance irrespective of govt. and non-Govt. rganization in association with ‘SWIFT’ to bring about the whole banking service for massive well being of people. 2) The report of taskforce with the title of â€Å"Banking sector reform† committee with 21 major clauses on score of extinction of horrendous and problem some context that usurps our banking sector, has elaborately expressed the imminent enactment of suggestions of taskforce for the be

Cause and effect early pregnancy Essay

Early Pregnancy is one of the problems in today’s society. Many teenagers today don’t know how big responsibility to raise a child when they are young too. Becoming a parent is a big responsibility that should give priority, but how can teenagers can handle this big responsibility if she was too young too? To raise a child involves a lot of patient and sacrifices which lot teens don’t have. The risk of pregnancy among teenagers is largely increasing. Some teenagers who get pregnant early may experience anxiety, depression and other emotional problem. We know that teenager’s ages of 15-19 are still young so emotion and other feelings of being teenagers might occur. Some of the causes of early pregnancy among teenagers are lack of education especially sexual education, poverty, undergraduate, or problem with their family. Lack of Education among teenagers should be given priority; I am agreeing that sexual education should be learned in school. To aware them from the effect that may occur. Problem with family is another issue, some of the teenagers are not provided with their own family, and most of the teenagers get rebelled. These are some of the cause why they are so many teenagers’ gets pregnant early, which I think the government should look in to it. Government should look forward on how to resolve this issue. Teenagers should be educated with this kind of problem, especially those teenagers who are already sexually active. If the Government should not give chances to these issues, teenage pregnancy will increase rapidly. This can cause a lot of endless problems in the life of the teen and the newborn child. There are a lot of things that can cause an unplanned teen pregnancy, such as teens experimenting with sexual encounters at a young age. Another major cause is the lack of guidance due to guardians that are blind or do not want to believe in such activities. These causes can have devastating effects on the teen and the newborn in the household. Some effects of early pregnancy will include an unexpected rise of responsibility for the teen and can cause many health concerns for both teen and newborn child. Teens experimenting are the leading cause in the unplanned pregnancies. As a teenager in high school ages there are a lot of peer pressures. Such as experimenting with alcohol and unprotected sexual intercourse. Drinking and the use of narcotics also largely have an impact on the judgment of the teen before the pre-pregnancy comes about. Experimenting can cause many effects on the teen and the relationships at hand, including the relationships with the baby’s mom or dad and also the parents of the teens. Another way of experimenting is the pregnancy caused in the sequel of either a long-time dating of the boyfriend or the other case of those random one night stands or hook-ups. Experimenting can be well avoided which can cause less of a chance of the unplanned pregnancy. Another very important concern for preventing teen pregnancy is having a good guidance throughout the teenager’s teen years. The guardians of the teens play a crucial role in guiding the teen to making the right choices in his/her life. The teenager then is faced with obstacles that would normally happen to a 20-30 year old woman. Not having the proper guidance will cause the teen to find the alternatives. For example, finding someone to be with to be cared for by in replace of a strong guidance, by the guardians in the teenager’s life. For not having the proper guidance the teenager has a higher chance of dropping out or failing out of a school, such as being a high school dropout to have time to give birth and time to raise the young child. So by becoming pregnant at a young age and not finishing your education. It definitely doesn’t sound like too much fun, now does it? The guidance in life is the most important thing throughout so this can be less of an issue. It is then caused, in effect, to put a lot of responsibility in the teenager’s life once they find out that they are pregnant. There is 100% more responsibility in the teenager’s life. The early responsibility causes changes the teenagers overall personality. Going from being in school full time getting your education to having the responsibility to bringing a child into the world, then being alone able to possibly finish your high school education. Finishing your education in a regular 4 years of your high school years will be hard. Not even to mention the financial costs it has to have a newborn. What makes it hard is when you need money for the simple things for the child, but you don’t have the time to get a job because you’re nursing and getting ready to bring a child into the world. So as a teenager you need a support system so that a newborn is taken care of in the safest, best place for the child. A lot of this early responsibility can be unbearable for some teens, expesically the ones that choose to get pregnant while they are still in high school. With all of this going on in their lives it’s affecting the health risks and medical negatives a teenage pregnancy can cause. For example, there is an increased chance of mothers from ages 15-19 of birthing a child that is underweight at birth. A low birth weight will increase the chance of the newborn to have health risks. It is definitely not a great thing to have the chance of health risks in you or the child. Another way that the health problems can start is because teens might not have all the knowledge of proper behavior in knowing how to nurse the child or the proper ways during the growth of the child. Teenage adolescents tend to develop poor eating habits during pregnancy, they tend not to take the proper vitamins, and in the worst scenario the teen drinking and/ to doing drugs during the pregnancy. That is the worst that can be done; it will increase the chance greatly of the baby being born with some type of birth defect or a weak part of the baby. Now that can be t he worst you can possibly do to an unborn child. To wrap it all up, teen pregnancy is a major issue that should try to be prevented as much as it can. It causes countless, dodge able problems if the right choices are made and you have a good support system around you. It would be in the best advice to not take the chances to get pregnant as a teenager. It is not the age to get pregnant. Teens are not fully ready to become adults like the stress that follows during the pregnancy.